The original Tironian notes consisted of about 4,000 signs, but new signs were introduced, so that their number might increase to as many as 13,000. The Tironian notes consisted of Latin word stem abbreviations ( notae) and of word ending abbreviations ( titulae). 120 AD) in his "Life of Cato the Younger" (95–46 BC) records that Cicero, during a trial of some insurrectionists in the senate, employed several expert rapid writers, whom he had taught to make figures comprising numerous words in a few short strokes, to preserve Cato's speech on this occasion. In Ancient Rome, Marcus Tullius Tiro (103–4 BC), a slave and later a freedman of Cicero, developed the Tironian notes so that he could write down Cicero's speeches. Over time, many syllabic signs were developed. Hellenistic tachygraphy consisted of word stem signs and word ending signs. The oldest datable reference is a contract from Middle Egypt, stating that Oxyrhynchos gives the "semeiographer" Apollonios for two years to be taught shorthand writing. Hellenistic tachygraphy is reported from the 2nd century BC onwards, though there are indications that it might be older. This shows a writing system primarily based on vowels, using certain modifications to indicate consonants. The earliest known indication of shorthand systems is from the Parthenon in Ancient Greece, where a mid-BC inscribed marble slab was found. Longer-term uses do exist, such as encipherment: diaries (like that of Samuel Pepys) are a common example. Shorthand notes were typically temporary, intended either for immediate use or for later typing, data entry, or (mainly historically) transcription to longhand. For example, healthcare professionals might use shorthand notes in medical charts and correspondence. Although the primary use of shorthand has been to record oral dictation and other types of verbal communication, some systems are used for compact expression. Shorthand was considered an essential part of secretarial training and police work and was useful for journalists. Shorthand was used more widely in the past, before the invention of recording and dictation machines. In the computerized world, several autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, also include a shorthand function for frequently used phrases. Many journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at press conferences or other similar scenarios. Abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, which can allow someone well-trained in the system to write as quickly as people speak. It has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys (short), and tachygraphy, from Greek tachys (swift, speedy), depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos (narrow) and graphein (to write). Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. It’s believed the cargo originated in Turkey or Greece and planned to reach a southern port city.Dutch stenography using the "System Groote" The authority said that the ship must have encountered a storm in the shallow waters off the coast and “dropped anchor in a desperate effort to prevent the ship from grounding.”īased on the size of the architectural pieces found, Sharvit said that the merchant ship likely could have held a cargo of at least 200 tons. “Recent storms must have exposed the cargo, and thanks to Gideon’s important report, we have been able to register its location, and carry out preliminary archaeological investigations, which will lead to a more in-depth research project.” “But we didn’t know its exact whereabouts as it was covered over by sand, and we could therefore could not investigate it,” he said. Koby Sharvit, director of the authority’s underwater archaeology unit, said in a statement that the group has been aware of the shipwrecked cargo “for a long time.” “It seems that these valuable architectural elements were destined for a magnificent public building - a temple or perhaps a theatre,” the post said. The swimmer, Gideon Harris, reported the sighting to the antiquities authority, which said the find included enormous, Roman-period marble architectural elements, including 20-foot-long beams. The Israel Antiquities Authority said in an online post this week that an experienced sea swimmer spotted ancient columns in waters off the Beit Yanai beach near the Mediterranean resort city of Netanya. Recent storms in Israel have led to the discovery of rare marble artifacts that sank with a ship more than 1,800 years ago.
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